Hepatitis in Dogs

Hepatitis is a term often associated with liver inflammation in both humans and animals. While it may be a familiar term when discussing human health, hepatitis can also affect our canine companions. Hepatitis in dogs, however, is different from human hepatitis and presents unique challenges. In this article, we will explore what hepatitis is in dogs, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and available treatments.

What is Hepatitis in Dogs?

Hepatitis in dogs, also known as infectious canine hepatitis (ICH), is a viral disease caused by canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1). It primarily affects the liver but can also affect other organs, including the kidneys, eyes, and spleen. Hepatitis can be a serious and potentially life-threatening condition in dogs, especially if left untreated.

Types of Hepatitis in Dogs

Hepatitis in dogs refers to inflammation of the liver, which can have various causes, including infectious agents, toxins, and immune-mediated responses. There are several types of hepatitis in dogs, including:

Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)

Caused by canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1).
Commonly affects young dogs.
Symptoms can include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and jaundice.
Vaccination against CAV-1 is available and is a routine part of the core vaccines for dogs.

Toxic Hepatitis

Caused by exposure to various toxins, including certain medications, chemicals, plants, and substances like xylitol (a sugar substitute).
Symptoms depend on the specific toxin ingested but can include vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, and liver dysfunction.

Immune-Mediated Hepatitis (IMHA)

Occurs when a dog's immune system mistakenly targets and damages its own liver cells.
Often seen in middle-aged to older dogs.
Symptoms may include lethargy, jaundice, weight loss, and abdominal discomfort.

Chronic Hepatitis

A long-term, progressive liver disease can result from various underlying causes, including infections, immune-mediated reactions, or genetic factors.
Symptoms may include chronic lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Breeds that seem to be predisposed to this disease include Chihuahuas, Springer Spaniels, Beagles, Maltese, West Highland White Terriers, Cocker Spaniels, Labrador Retrievers, Bedlington Terriers, Skye Terriers, Doberman Pinschers, and Standard Poodles.

Copper-Associated Hepatitis

Some dog breeds are prone to accumulating excess copper in their liver, leading to hepatitis.
Breeds such as the Bedlington Terrier and Labrador Retriever are more susceptible.
Symptoms can include jaundice, increased thirst and urination, and abdominal discomfort.

Hepatic Lipidosis (Fatty Liver Disease)

Although more commonly associated with cats, dogs can also develop hepatic lipidosis.
It occurs when there's an abnormal buildup of fat in the liver, often secondary to other underlying conditions like obesity, diabetes, or malnutrition.
Symptoms may include jaundice, lethargy, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC)

While primarily a respiratory disease complex, certain pathogens like canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) can affect the liver and contribute to hepatitis as part of the overall syndrome.
Symptoms may include coughing, nasal discharge, and mild liver dysfunction.

What Causes Hepatitis in Dogs?

The primary cause of hepatitis in dogs is the canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1). This virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected dog's urine, feces, saliva, or nasal discharge. It can also be spread indirectly through contaminated objects, such as food and water bowls or grooming tools.

Symptoms of Hepatitis in Dogs

How is Hepatitis Diagnosed and Treated?

The treatment of hepatitis in dogs depends on the severity of the disease. Mild cases may be managed with supportive care, including fluid therapy, medication to control symptoms, and a special diet. More severe cases may require hospitalization and intensive care.

Antiviral medications may be used in some cases, although they are not always effective against CAV-1. Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent secondary bacterial infections, and other medications may be given to address specific symptoms.

For example, if there is severe vomiting or diarrhea, medications may be given to control these symptoms.

Occasionally, a distressing muscle contraction may coincide with the clouding of the cornea in your dog's eye. Your veterinarian can provide a prescription for eye ointment or eye drops to relieve your puppy's discomfort. When your dog is dealing with corneal cloudiness, it becomes crucial to shield their eye from intense light.

The active ingredient in these eye drops is hydrocortisone acetate, which is a corticosteroid. Corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory properties and can help reduce swelling and itching in the affected area. It is designed to help alleviate discomfort caused by various eye conditions, including allergies, itching, redness, and swelling.

How to Prevent Canine Hepatitis?

Preventing canine hepatitis, also known as infectious canine hepatitis (ICH), involves vaccination and good hygiene practices. Here's what you need to know:

Vaccination

Canine hepatitis is one of the diseases included in the core vaccines recommended for all dogs. The vaccine for canine hepatitis is often combined with vaccines for other diseases, such as canine distemper and parvovirus, in a single shot called the DHPP vaccine (Distemper, Hepatitis, Parainfluenza, Parvovirus). It may also be referred to as the DA2PP vaccine (Distemper, Adenovirus Type 2, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza).
Puppies should start their vaccination series at around 6 to 8 weeks of age. They typically receive multiple rounds of shots at 3-4 week intervals until they are around 16 weeks old.
After the initial series, a booster shot is usually given one year later and then regularly throughout the dog's life. The frequency of booster shots can vary depending on the specific vaccine product used and your veterinarian's recommendations. Typically, dogs receive boosters every 1 to 3 years.
Always follow your veterinarian's vaccination schedule and recommendations based on your dog's individual needs.

Hygiene

Canine hepatitis is primarily spread through contact with infected urine, feces, saliva, or nasal discharge from infected dogs. Proper hygiene can help prevent the spread of the virus.
Avoid contact with unknown dogs or those showing signs of illness.
Keep your dog's living area clean and sanitized.
Wash your hands thoroughly after handling other dogs, especially if you suspect they may be infected.
Isolate sick dogs to prevent the spread of the disease.

Controlling Mosquitoes

Canine hepatitis can also be transmitted by mosquitoes in some cases. Mosquito control measures, such as using mosquito repellents for dogs or ensuring that your dog is kept indoors during peak mosquito activity times, can help reduce the risk.

FAQs

Is hepatitis in dogs contagious?

Hepatitis in dogs, specifically infectious canine hepatitis (ICH), is contagious among dogs and can be spread through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as urine, feces, saliva, or nasal discharge. The virus responsible for ICH is known as canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1). It can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected dog or by exposure to contaminated objects or environments. This disease primarily affects the liver and can lead to a range of symptoms, including fever, lethargy, vomiting, and jaundice.

Can hepatitis in dogs be cured?

Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment for CIH once a dog is infected. While some acute hepatitis can be cured, chronic hepatitis cannot.

Dogs with chronic hepatitis need to be monitored and treated so that they can enjoy a good quality of life and live a long life with minimal clinical signs.

Conclusion

Hepatitis in dogs is a serious viral disease that can affect a dog's liver and other organs. While it can be a life-threatening condition, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can significantly improve a dog's chances of recovery. Vaccination and preventive measures are essential in keeping our canine companions safe from this potentially deadly disease. If you suspect your dog may have hepatitis or if you have concerns about their vaccination status, consult with your veterinarian for guidance and care.