Jaundice (Icterus) in Dogs

Jaundice, also known as icterus, is not a disease itself but rather a symptom of an underlying problem. Jaundice in dogs can be a cause for concern as it may indicate various underlying health issues, some of which can be serious. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for jaundice in dogs.

What is Icterus in Dogs?

Lcterus, more commonly known as jaundice, is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes (such as the inside of the mouth), and the whites of the eyes. This yellow discoloration occurs due to an excess of bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin (the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen) in the body.

Symptoms of Jaundice in Dogs

Recognizing the signs of jaundice in your dog is crucial for early detection and treatment. Common symptoms of jaundice in dogs may include:

• Yellowing of the skin, gums, and whites of the eyes (sclera).
• Dark-colored urine and pale-colored stools.
• Loss of appetite.
• Lethargy and weakness.
• Vomiting and diarrhea.
• Abdominal pain or discomfort.
• Increased thirst and urination.

Types of Jaundice in Dogs

Jaundice, also known as icterus, can be classified into three main categories based on its underlying causes: pre-hepatic, hepatic, and post-hepatic. This classification helps veterinarians and medical professionals determine the root cause of jaundice and develop appropriate treatment strategies. Here's a brief overview of each category:

Pre-Hepatic Jaundice

Pre-hepatic jaundice occurs when there is an excessive breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis) before the liver has a chance to process bilirubin, a waste product of red blood cell breakdown.
Common causes of pre-hepatic jaundice in dogs may include immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, genetic conditions, or certain infections.

Hepatic Jaundice

Hepatic jaundice results from impaired liver function, where the liver is unable to process bilirubin effectively or conjugate it into a form that can be excreted in bile.
Hepatic causes of jaundice in dogs can include liver disease, infections, toxins, or certain medications that damage the liver, including:

• Liver cancer
• Bacterial or viral infections of the liver, also known as hepatitis
• Leptospirosis

Ingestion of toxins:

• Sago Palm
• Blue-green algae
• Xylitol

Drugs:

• Tylenol
• Phenobarbital

Post-Hepatic Jaundice (Obstructive Jaundice)

Post-hepatic jaundice occurs when there is a blockage in the bile ducts, preventing the flow of bile from the liver to the small intestine.
Common causes of post-hepatic jaundice in dogs may include gallstones, tumors, inflammation of the bile ducts, or other obstructions that prevent the normal flow of bile.

What Causes Jaundice in Dogs?

As mentioned above, Jaundice in dogs is primarily caused by an excessive accumulation of bilirubin in their bloodstream. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells. Normally, the liver processes and removes bilirubin from the body, but when something goes wrong in this process, jaundice can occur. Here are some common causes of jaundice in dogs:

Liver Disease: Liver diseases, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or tumors, can impair the liver's ability to process bilirubin, leading to its accumulation in the bloodstream.

Hemolysis: Hemolysis is the rapid destruction of red blood cells, which can occur due to various reasons like autoimmune disorders, infections, or exposure to certain toxins. Possible causes of hemolytic anemia in dogs include:

• Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)
• Inherited conditions like hereditary spherocytosis
• Toxic substances such as onions or certain medications
• Infectious diseases like babesiosis
• Autoimmune disorders
• Blood parasites like hemobartonella
• Trauma or injury to red blood cells
• Hemolytic reactions to blood transfusions

Bile Duct Obstruction: A blockage in the bile ducts can prevent the normal flow of bile from the liver to the intestines, causing bilirubin to accumulate in the body.

Infections: Some infections, including bacterial and viral infections, can affect the liver and lead to jaundice in dogs.

Drug Reactions: Certain medications or toxins can harm the liver and result in jaundice as a side effect.

What is the Survival Rate of Jaundice in Dogs?

A study revealed that dogs diagnosed with jaundice faced a grim long-term outlook, with around 50% of cases leading to either death or euthanasia due to the condition. On average, from the time of diagnosis to death, the overall median survival time (MST) for all cases was just 40 days. Notably, cases presenting with serum bilirubin concentrations exceeding 60 μmol/L had a notably shorter MST.

Related: https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/vro2.42

How to Treat Jaundice in Dogs?

Jaundice in dogs can result from various underlying issues, such as liver disease, gallbladder problems, hemolytic anemia, or certain infections. Accurate diagnosis is crucial to determine the appropriate treatment.

Once the underlying cause is identified, the veterinarian will develop a treatment plan tailored to your dog's condition. This may involve medications, surgery, or other medical interventions. This can include:

• Dietary changes: Special diets may be prescribed to ease the workload on the liver or address specific nutritional needs.
• Fluid therapy: Intravenous fluids may be administered to maintain hydration and support the liver and kidneys.
• Medications: Depending on the underlying cause, your veterinarian may prescribe medications to manage symptoms and address the root problem.
• When jaundice results from anemia, the typical course of treatment often entails blood transfusions and the administration of steroids. In cases where dogs exhibit abnormal clotting capabilities, plasma transfusions are typically necessary, particularly before undergoing invasive liver biopsies.
• Surgical intervention is generally reserved for instances of posthepatic jaundice, where there is an obstruction or rupture of the bile ducts or gallbladder.

How to Prevent Jaundice in Dogs?

Preventing jaundice in dogs involves maintaining their overall health and addressing underlying causes that can lead to this condition, such as liver disease, hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), or a blockage in the bile ducts. Here are some steps you can take to help prevent jaundice in dogs:

• Vaccinations: Ensure your dog is up to date on vaccinations to prevent infectious diseases that can lead to liver problems, such as leptospirosis and adenovirus vaccinations.
• Parasite Control: Keep your dog protected from parasites like fleas, ticks, and internal parasites (worms) as they can cause various health issues, including liver problems.
• Avoid Toxic Substances: Keep your dog away from toxic substances such as household chemicals, plants, certain medications, and foods like chocolate, grapes, and onions.
• Prevent Trauma: Protect your dog from physical injuries that can lead to hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) and subsequent jaundice.

FAQs

Is jaundice in dogs contagious?

Jaundice in dogs is not contagious. It is not a disease that can be transmitted from one dog to another through direct contact or any other means. Jaundice in dogs is typically a symptom of an underlying medical condition rather than a contagious illness itself.

Is jaundice in dogs curable?

Whether jaundice in dogs is curable or fatal depends on the underlying cause of the jaundice. Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes (such as the gums and the whites of the eyes) due to an accumulation of bilirubin in the body. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells, and its buildup can be a sign of liver or gallbladder issues, among other things.

Is jaundice in dogs fatal?

The prognosis for jaundice in dogs depends on the specific cause and how early it is diagnosed and treated. Some causes of jaundice, such as infections or certain medications, may be reversible with appropriate treatment. However, if jaundice is due to severe liver disease, cancer, or other serious conditions, it can be more challenging to treat, and the outcome may be less favorable. 

Conclusion

Jaundice in dogs is a concerning symptom that should never be ignored. It is essential to identify and treat the underlying cause of jaundice promptly. Regular veterinary check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can help prevent some of the conditions that lead to jaundice in dogs. If you suspect that your dog may be suffering from jaundice, consult your veterinarian for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan to ensure your furry friend's well-being.