Degenerative Myelopathy In Dogs

Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive and incurable neurological disease that affects dogs, resulting in a gradual loss of mobility and quality of life. Understanding DM is vital for pet owners, as it allows for early detection, effective management, and compassionate decision-making during the dog's final stages. This article will cover various aspects of degenerative myelopathy, including its symptoms, stages, affected breeds, life expectancy, differential diagnoses, and when to consider euthanasia.

What Is Degenerative Myelopathy?

Degenerative myelopathy is a chronic, progressive disease of the spinal cord, primarily affecting the white matter responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and limbs. It is often compared to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans. DM typically starts in older dogs, usually around 8 years of age or older, and is not painful but severely impacts mobility over time.

What Are the First Signs of Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs?

The initial signs of DM can be subtle, making early diagnosis challenging. Pet owners should watch for the following symptoms:

• Weakness in the Hind Legs: Dogs may stumble, drag their rear paws, or have difficulty standing.
• Knuckling: The dog may walk on the top of its paws instead of the pads, resulting in visible scuff marks.
• Uncoordinated Movements (Ataxia): Difficulty maintaining balance, especially on slippery surfaces.
• Mild Muscle Atrophy: The muscles in the hind legs may appear slightly smaller or weaker.

These early symptoms are often mistaken for arthritis or other mobility issues.

Symptoms of Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs

As the disease progresses, symptoms become more pronounced and debilitating:

1. Mid-Stage Symptoms:

   • Severe weakness in the hind limbs.
   • Inability to support weight on the back legs.
   • Difficulty walking without assistance.
   • Increased knuckling and scuffing.

2. Late-Stage Symptoms:

   • Complete paralysis of the hind legs.
   • Loss of bowel and bladder control.
   • Weakness or paralysis may spread to the front limbs.
   • Significant muscle wasting throughout the body.

DM is not painful, but it can cause frustration and stress for the dog due to reduced mobility and independence.

Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs Stages

DM typically progresses through three stages:

1. Early Stage:

   • Symptoms are mild and primarily affect the hind legs.
   • Dogs may stumble occasionally or struggle with activities like climbing stairs.

2. Intermediate Stage:

   • Significant mobility challenges arise.
   • Dogs may require support harnesses or carts to move around.
   • Loss of coordination and worsening muscle atrophy are common.

3. Advanced Stage:

   • Hind leg paralysis is complete.
   • Dogs may develop secondary complications such as pressure sores, urinary tract infections, or respiratory issues.
   • Quality of life significantly declines.

The rate of progression can vary widely among dogs.

What Dog Breeds Get DM?

While any dog breed can develop DM, it is most commonly seen in large to medium-sized breeds. Some breeds with a genetic predisposition to DM include:

• German Shepherds (most commonly affected)
• Boxers
• Pembroke Welsh Corgis
• Chesapeake Bay Retrievers
• Siberian Huskies
• Rhodesian Ridgebacks
• Bernese Mountain Dogs

Genetic testing can identify dogs carrying the SOD1 gene mutation associated with DM.

What Is the Life Expectancy of a Dog With DM?

The life expectancy of a dog with DM depends on the stage of the disease at diagnosis and the level of care provided.

• Without intervention: Life expectancy is often around 6-12 months after symptoms appear.
• With supportive care: Dogs receiving physical therapy, mobility aids, and proper management can live up to 2-3 years.

Early intervention and consistent care can significantly enhance quality of life and delay the disease's progression.

What Can Be Mistaken for DM in Dogs?

Several conditions have similar symptoms to DM and should be ruled out before confirming a diagnosis. These include:

1. Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD):

   • A painful condition where spinal discs press on the spinal cord.
   • Unlike DM, IVDD can often be treated surgically.

2. Hip Dysplasia:

   • A common joint issue in large breeds causing hind leg weakness and mobility issues.
   • X-rays can help differentiate it from DM.

3. Arthritis:

   • Joint inflammation leading to stiffness and difficulty moving.
   • DM typically lacks the pain associated with arthritis.

4. Spinal Tumors:

   • These can compress the spinal cord, causing symptoms similar to DM.
   • Imaging (MRI or CT scans) is necessary for diagnosis.

5. Peripheral Neuropathy:

   • Nerve damage outside the spinal cord that can mimic DM symptoms.

6. Myasthenia Gravis:

   • A neuromuscular disorder causing muscle weakness and fatigue.

Veterinarians use a combination of physical exams, imaging, and genetic testing to differentiate DM from these conditions.

When to Put Down a Dog With Degenerative Myelopathy

The decision to euthanize a dog with DM is deeply personal and depends on the dog's quality of life. Factors to consider include:

1. Mobility:

   • If the dog is completely immobile and unable to enjoy life, euthanasia may be the most compassionate option.

2. Secondary Complications:

   • Persistent urinary tract infections, pressure sores, or respiratory issues can significantly impact quality of life.

3. Pain and Stress:

   • While DM itself is not painful, secondary issues or frustration from immobility can cause distress.

4. Loss of Independence:

   • Dogs that require constant assistance for basic functions may no longer have a good quality of life.

5. Veterinary Assessment:

   • A veterinarian can provide guidance based on the dog's physical and emotional well-being.

Pet owners should prioritize the dog's comfort and dignity in making this difficult decision.

Management and Supportive Care for DM

Although there is no cure for DM, various strategies can improve a dog's quality of life:

1. Physical Therapy:

   • Hydrotherapy, massages, and range-of-motion exercises can maintain muscle strength and delay progression.

2. Mobility Aids:

   • Harnesses, wheelchairs, and carts can help dogs stay active and independent.

3. Diet and Supplements:

   • Anti-inflammatory supplements like omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants may support overall health.

4. Home Modifications:

   • Non-slip mats, ramps, and comfortable bedding can prevent accidents and pressure sores.

5. Veterinary Monitoring:

   • Regular check-ups can address secondary complications and ensure optimal care.

Conclusion

Degenerative myelopathy is a challenging condition that requires dedicated care and compassion. Recognizing the symptoms, understanding the disease's progression, and exploring management options can help pet owners make informed decisions. While the journey may be emotionally taxing, prioritizing the dog’s quality of life and comfort ensures they live their remaining days with dignity and love.