Hip Dysplasia in Dogs

Hip dysplasia is a common orthopedic condition that affects dogs, particularly larger breeds (German Shepherd Hip Dysplasia). This painful condition can drastically reduce a dog’s quality of life and is difficult for owners to watch. So, what exactly is hip dysplasia, and why is it such a concern for pet parents? In this article, we will explore what hip dysplasia is, its causes, symptoms, and available treatment options to help dog owners better understand and manage this condition.

What is Hip Dysplasia in Dogs?

Hip dysplasia is a developmental disorder of the hip joint. It occurs when the hip joint doesn't develop properly, leading to an abnormal fit between the hip's ball (the head of the femur) and socket (the acetabulum). This mismatch causes excessive wear and tear on the joint, leading to inflammation, pain, and the deterioration of the joint over time.

Signs of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs

The signs of hip dysplasia can vary in severity and may not appear until a dog reaches maturity, typically between 6 to 18 months of age. Common symptoms include:

• Lameness: Dogs with hip dysplasia often have a noticeable limp, especially in their hind legs.

• Decreased Activity: They may become less active, reluctant to play, run, or jump.

• Difficulty Rising: Getting up from a sitting or lying position may become a struggle.

• Stiffness and Pain: Dogs with hip dysplasia may show signs of discomfort, such as whimpering or yelping when touched around the hip area.

• Narrow Stance: Affected dogs may have a narrow stance in their hind legs, resembling a "bunny hop."

• Loss of Muscle Mass: Muscles in the hind legs may start to atrophy due to reduced use.

What Are the First Signs of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs?

One of the most common signs is limping or favoring one or both hind legs. This lameness can be intermittent and may become more pronounced after physical activity or exercise.

Dogs with hip dysplasia may show signs of stiffness, especially when getting up from a lying down position. They may also have difficulty with activities like climbing stairs or jumping.

How to Do Dogs with Hip Dysplasia Sit?

Dogs with hip dysplasia may find it uncomfortable or difficult to sit in the traditional manner, where they lower their hips down and fold their hind legs underneath them. Instead, they may adopt alternative sitting positions that are less painful or more comfortable for them. Here are some sitting positions that dogs with hip dysplasia may use:

• Lazy Sit: In this position, the dog sits with one or both hind legs extended to the side rather than tucked underneath. The affected hip joint is often less stressed in this position, making it less painful for them.

• Frog Sit: Some dogs with hip dysplasia sit with both hind legs splayed out to the sides, resembling a frog. This posture allows them to avoid putting as much pressure on the hip joints.

• Side Sit: In the side sit, the dog sits with one hind leg bent while the other remains extended to the side. This position can also reduce strain on the affected hip.

• Half-Lie: Instead of sitting, some dogs may choose to lie down partially, with their hind end resting on one side while the front end remains upright. This position can provide relief from hip discomfort.

It's important to understand that these alternative sitting positions are adopted by dogs with hip dysplasia as a way to alleviate pain or discomfort. You should not try to force a dog with hip dysplasia into a traditional sitting position, as it can be painful for them.

What Causes Hip Dysplasia in Dogs?

Hip dysplasia in dogs is a complex and multifactorial condition with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to its development. The primary factors that cause hip dysplasia in dogs include:

1. Environmental Factors

While genetics plays a significant role, environmental factors can also contribute to the development and severity of hip dysplasia. These factors include:

• Rapid Growth: Dogs that experience rapid growth during puppyhood, often due to overfeeding or an inappropriate diet, may be more prone to developing hip dysplasia. This is especially relevant for large and giant breeds.

• Excessive Exercise: Overexertion and strenuous exercise at a young age can potentially contribute to hip dysplasia, as it places added stress on developing joints.

• Obesity: Being overweight or obese can exacerbate hip dysplasia symptoms by placing additional strain on the hip joints. Weight management is crucial for dogs with hip dysplasia.

• Injury: Traumatic injuries or falls that affect the hip joint can accelerate the development of hip dysplasia or worsen existing conditions.

2. Nutrition

Proper nutrition is essential for the development of healthy joints and bones in puppies. Feeding a balanced diet designed for a dog's specific life stage and breed size can help reduce the risk of hip dysplasia.

3. Genetics

Genetics plays a significant role in the development of hip dysplasia. Dogs with a genetic predisposition are more likely to develop the condition. Breeds that are commonly affected by hip dysplasia include large and giant breeds such as Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Rottweilers, and Saint Bernards, among others. However, it can occur in any breed or mixed-breed dog.

How Do You Treat Hip Dysplasia in Dogs?

The treatment of hip dysplasia in dogs depends on the severity of the condition and the dog's age, size, and overall health. The goal of treatment is to alleviate pain, improve joint function, and enhance the dog's quality of life. 

1. Medications

Your veterinarian may prescribe medications to manage pain and inflammation associated with hip dysplasia. Common medications include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and pain relievers. 
Common active ingredients found in medications prescribed to manage pain and inflammation associated with hip dysplasia in dogs include:

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs):

• Carprofen

• Meloxicam

• Deracoxib

• Firocoxib

• Etodolac

Pain Relievers (Opioids):

• Tramadol

• Codeine

• Hydrocodone

2. Joint Supplements

Nutritional supplements such as glucosamine for dogs and chondroitin sulfate joint supplements help support joint health and reduce inflammation. Special diets formulated for joint health may be recommended by your veterinarian. These diets typically contain ingredients like omega-3 fatty acids (sardine oil for dogs) and antioxidants that can help manage inflammation and support joint function.

3. Surgical Options

In severe cases of hip dysplasia that do not respond well to conservative treatments, surgery may be considered. Surgical options include:

• Total Hip Replacement (THR): THR is a surgical procedure that replaces the damaged hip joint with an artificial joint, providing significant pain relief and improved mobility.

• Femoral Head and Neck Excision (FHO): FHO involves removing the ball portion of the hip joint, allowing the muscles to create a "false" joint. It is often considered for smaller dogs or those for whom THR is not an option.

• Triple Pelvic Osteotomy (TPO) or Juvenile Pubic Symphysiodesis (JPS): These are surgical procedures performed on young dogs to reposition and stabilize the hip joint.

4. Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation

Physical therapy exercises, including range-of-motion exercises and muscle-strengthening activities, can help improve joint mobility and support the surrounding muscles. Hydrotherapy (swimming) can also be beneficial for dogs with hip dysplasia.

Exercises for Dogs with Hip Dysplasia

Exercising a dog with hip dysplasia requires special consideration and should be done carefully to minimize pain and discomfort while maintaining muscle strength and joint mobility. Here are some low-impact exercises that can benefit dogs with hip dysplasia:

• Swimming: Swimming is an excellent exercise for dogs with hip dysplasia because it provides a full-body workout without putting excessive stress on the hip joints. It can help improve muscle tone, increase cardiovascular fitness, and reduce joint stiffness. Ensure your dog has a life vest for safety if needed.

• Walking: Short, frequent walks on a leash can help maintain joint mobility and keep the muscles engaged without overexertion. Avoid steep inclines and rough terrain. Opt for level ground and shorter walks if your dog shows signs of fatigue or discomfort.

• Underwater Treadmill: If available, underwater treadmill therapy can provide controlled exercise in a buoyant environment, which reduces the impact on the hip joints while allowing for muscle strengthening.

How to Carry a Dog with Hip Dysplasia?

Carrying a dog with hip dysplasia requires care and consideration to minimize discomfort and further injury. Hip dysplasia is a condition where the hip joint doesn't develop properly, leading to instability and potential pain. Here's how you can carry a dog with hip dysplasia:

Use a Supportive Harness

Invest in a supportive harness designed for dogs with hip dysplasia. These harnesses often have handles that make it easier to lift and support your dog's hindquarters. Look for one that is comfortable for your dog and fits properly.

Lift with Care: When lifting your dog, use proper technique to avoid straining your back and to minimize your dog's discomfort. Here's how to do it:

• a. Approach your dog from the side, so you are facing the same direction.

• b. Bend your knees and keep your back straight.

• c. Place one arm under your dog's chest, just behind the front legs, and use the other arm to support the hindquarters.

• d. Lift your dog gently and slowly, making sure to provide support to the hips and rear legs.

Consider a Mobility Cart

In severe cases of hip dysplasia, your veterinarian may recommend a dog mobility cart or wheelchair to help your dog move around comfortably.

Prevention of German Shepherd Hip Dysplasia

When selecting a German Shepherd puppy, it's crucial to start by choosing a reputable breeder who prioritizes the health of their dogs. Ensure that the breeder conducts hip and elbow screenings on their breeding dogs to reduce the risk of passing on hip dysplasia genes to the puppies.

Look for puppies with a strong pedigree that includes dogs with good hip scores and a history of healthy joints. German Shepherds experience rapid growth during their first year, so it's essential to support healthy joint development. Opt for a puppy food specially formulated for large breeds to help control their growth rates.

During the early months of your puppy's life, avoid excessive exercise, particularly high-impact activities like jumping and running on hard surfaces, as their joints are still developing. Instead, encourage controlled play and exercises that are gentle on their joints, such as swimming and short walks.

Finally, consider adding joint supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin to your dog's diet, especially if recommended by your veterinarian, to further promote joint health and overall well-being.

FAQs

At what age does hip dysplasia appear in dogs?

Hip dysplasia in dogs can manifest at different ages, but it is most commonly noticed in puppies between the ages of 5 months to 1 year. However, symptoms can appear earlier or later depending on the severity of the condition and individual factors.

What age do German shepherds get hip dysplasia?

In many cases, symptoms of hip dysplasia start to become apparent in German Shepherds during their early to mid-adulthood, typically between the ages of 1 and 3 years old. However, some dogs may develop symptoms earlier, while others may not show any signs of hip dysplasia until they are older.

How common is hip dysplasia in German shepherds?

According to the Animal Orthopaedic Foundation, 19 percent of German Shepherds will develop hip dysplasia, but some cases are more severe than others.

How long do German shepherds live with hip dysplasia?

On average, German Shepherds with hip dysplasia can live about 7-10 years. With proper treatment and management, many German Shepherds with hip dysplasia are able to lead relatively normal and comfortable lives.

Is hip dysplasia hereditary?

Yes, hip dysplasia has a hereditary component. It tends to be more common in certain breeds, and dogs with a family history of hip dysplasia are at a higher risk of developing the condition. 

Is hip dysplasia painful in dogs?

Yes, hip dysplasia can be painful for dogs. The severity of pain can vary from mild discomfort to severe pain, depending on the degree of hip joint laxity and the presence of secondary changes like osteoarthritis. Dogs with hip dysplasia may exhibit signs of pain such as limping, reluctance to move, vocalization, and changes in behavior.

Is splooting a sign of hip dysplasia?

Splooting is a cute and funny posture where a dog stretches their hind legs out behind them while lying down. It is not a sign of hip dysplasia. Many dogs sploot without any hip issues. However, if your dog is experiencing discomfort or pain in their hips, they may avoid splooting or other positions that put stress on their hip joints.

How long can a dog live with hip dysplasia?

Dogs with hip dysplasia can lead fulfilling lives with proper management and treatment. The life expectancy of a dog with hip dysplasia depends on several factors, including the severity of the condition, the dog's age, the effectiveness of treatment, and their overall health. With appropriate care, many dogs with hip dysplasia can live a normal lifespan.

Can a dog heal from hip dysplasia?

Hip dysplasia is a genetic condition in dogs where the hip joint doesn't develop properly, leading to an improper fit of the hip bones in the joint socket. It can cause pain, lameness, and arthritis in affected dogs. While hip dysplasia cannot be completely cured or reversed, there are several ways to manage and improve the quality of life for dogs with this condition, please refer to the above treatments.

Conclusion

Hip dysplasia is a common and painful condition that affects many dogs, particularly those with a genetic predisposition. Early detection, proper management, and preventive measures are key to improving the quality of life for affected dogs. If you suspect your dog may have hip dysplasia, consult with a veterinarian to determine the best course of action and ensure your furry friend's comfort and well-being.

Related: Hip Dysplasia vs. Arthritis in Dogs