Ascites in Dogs

Fluid in the abdomen, also known as ascites, is a medical condition that can affect dogs of all breeds and ages. It occurs when there is an abnormal accumulation of fluid within the abdominal cavity. This condition can be caused by a variety of underlying health issues and should not be taken lightly. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for fluid in the abdomen in dogs is crucial for ensuring the well-being of your furry friend.

What are Ascites in Dogs?

Ascites in dogs refer to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. This condition can be caused by a variety of underlying medical issues and is not a specific disease itself. The fluid that accumulates in the abdominal cavity is typically a clear, pale-yellowish fluid called ascitic fluid.

Symptoms of Ascites in Dogs

Ascites is a condition in dogs characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. It can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, and the symptoms can vary in severity. Common symptoms of ascites in dogs may include:

• One of the most noticeable signs of ascites is a swollen or distended abdomen. 
• Lethargy
• Difficulty breathing
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting
• Weight gain
• Weakness
• Tires easily
• Abdominal discomfort or pain

What Does Ascites Feel Like to Touch?

Ascites, which is the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, can feel different to the touch depending on its severity and the underlying cause. 

In mild cases or early stages of ascites, the abdomen may feel slightly tense or firm. This is due to the presence of excess fluid within the abdominal cavity, causing it to be distended.

As ascites progresses or becomes more severe, the abdomen may feel noticeably distended or swollen. It may appear rounded and have a tense or tight feel when touched.

In some cases, a characteristic sign of ascites is the presence of a "fluid wave." When a healthcare provider or veterinarian gently taps one side of the abdomen, they may feel or hear a shifting or sloshing of fluid to the opposite side.

In individuals with ascites, touching the abdomen may cause discomfort or pain, especially if there is underlying inflammation, pressure on surrounding organs, or tenderness associated with the underlying cause of ascites.

What Causes Ascites in Dogs?

Ascites in dogs is caused by the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, which is often a symptom of an underlying medical condition. Some common causes of ascites in dogs include:

• Liver disease: Liver diseases, such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, or liver failure, can lead to changes in blood flow and the production of proteins necessary for fluid regulation. These changes can result in fluid buildup in the abdomen.
• Heart disease: right-sided heart disease (the most common cause of free fluid in the abdomen of dogs), right-sided congestive heart failure, heartworm disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, and pulmonic stenosis. This can result in fluid backing up into the abdominal cavity, causing ascites.
• Infections: Infections affecting the abdominal cavity, such as peritonitis or abscesses, can lead to inflammation and the accumulation of fluid.
• Cancer: Certain cancers, particularly abdominal tumors or cancers that metastasize to the abdomen, can disrupt normal fluid balance and cause ascites.
• Kidney disease: Kidney disorders can lead to imbalances in electrolytes and fluid retention, potentially causing ascites.
• Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas can lead to the leakage of digestive enzymes into the abdominal cavity, causing irritation and fluid accumulation.
• Hypoproteinemia: Low levels of proteins in the blood, such as albumin, can disrupt the body's ability to maintain proper fluid balance and may lead to ascites.
• Portal hypertension: Increased blood pressure in the portal vein, often associated with liver disease, can lead to fluid accumulation in the abdomen.
• Abdominal trauma: Trauma to the abdomen, such as a blunt force injury or penetrating wound, can lead to localized inflammation and fluid buildup.
• Blood clot obstruction: In some cases, blood clots can block blood vessels, leading to impaired blood flow and increased fluid leakage into the abdomen.

How Do They Remove Fluid from a Dog's Abdomen?

Removing fluid from a dog's abdomen is typically done through a medical procedure known as abdominocentesis or paracentesis. This procedure involves the controlled removal of excess fluid from the abdominal cavity. 

1. Abdominocentesis or Paracentesis

The dog is usually placed under local anesthesia or mild sedation to keep them comfortable and still during the procedure.
A small area of the abdominal wall is shaved and sterilized.
A sterile needle or catheter is then inserted through the abdominal wall into the abdominal cavity, guided by ultrasound or other imaging techniques.
Excess fluid is carefully withdrawn through the needle or catheter.
The removed fluid is sent for analysis to help diagnose the underlying cause of the fluid accumulation.

Side Effects of Paracentesis

Paracentesis is a medical procedure used to remove fluid from the abdominal cavity. While it is generally considered safe, some potential side effects and complications can occur, including:

• Infection: There is a risk of infection at the site of needle insertion.
• Bleeding: Minimal bleeding is possible at the puncture site.
• Low blood pressure: Paracentesis may cause a drop in blood pressure, especially in individuals with significant fluid removal.
• Hypovolemia: Rapid removal of a large volume of fluid can lead to low blood volume (hypovolemia) and electrolyte imbalances.
• Injury: There is a small risk of injury to surrounding organs or structures during the procedure.
• Re-accumulation: The fluid may re-accumulate in the abdominal cavity after paracentesis.

2. Surgery

In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove excess fluid and address the underlying cause of ascites.
Surgery may be required when the fluid accumulation is due to a specific condition or tumor that needs removal.
Surgical procedures such as exploratory laparotomy may be performed to diagnose and treat the underlying problem.

3. Medication and Diet

Medication and dietary management are often used as part of the overall treatment plan for ascites, but they do not directly remove fluid from the abdomen.
Diuretics, which are medications that promote urine production, may be prescribed to help the dog eliminate excess fluid from the body over time.
A low-sodium diet may be recommended to reduce fluid retention and manage the underlying condition causing ascites.

Dysuria; urinary tract obstruction; urinary stone; urethritis; urinary urgency; frequent urination; hematuria

How Often Can Ascites Be Drained

The frequency of draining ascites (abdominal fluid) in a medical procedure called paracentesis can vary depending on the underlying cause of ascites and the individual patient's condition. It is determined by the treating healthcare provider based on factors such as the rate of fluid re-accumulation, the severity of the ascites, and the patient's overall health.

In some cases, paracentesis may need to be performed regularly or as needed to relieve discomfort, manage symptoms, and monitor the progression of the underlying condition. For individuals with chronic conditions like cirrhosis of the liver, ascites may require repeated drainage sessions over time.

Ascites vs Bloating

Ascites and bloating are two distinct medical conditions that involve abdominal swelling, but they have different causes and characteristics:

Ascites:

Ascites refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the abdominal cavity. This fluid buildup occurs within the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the abdominal organs and the abdominal wall.
Ascites can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, including liver disease (such as cirrhosis), heart failure, kidney disease, cancer, infection, and others.
The abdomen in ascites typically becomes visibly enlarged and rounded, and it may feel tense or firm to the touch.
In some cases, a "fluid wave" can be detected when tapping or palpating the abdomen, where the fluid shifts within the abdominal cavity.
Ascites are often associated with other symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, weight gain, and pain or discomfort.

Bloating:

Bloating is a more general term used to describe a feeling of fullness, tightness, or discomfort in the abdomen, often accompanied by visible swelling or distension.
Bloating can have various causes, including overeating, gas accumulation in the digestive tract, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), constipation, food intolerances, and digestive disorders.
Unlike ascites, bloating is usually caused by factors related to digestion and is not characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
Bloating may come and go and can be associated with sensations of pressure or discomfort, but it does not necessarily involve the accumulation of fluid within the abdominal cavity.

Related: Bloat in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

FAQs

Can Ascites in Dogs Be Cured?

Ascites itself is not a specific disease but rather a symptom of an underlying medical condition. The prognosis and potential for a cure depend on addressing the root cause of the ascites.
In some cases, if the underlying cause is treatable and the condition is caught early, it may be possible to resolve the ascites completely. For example, if ascites is caused by an infection or a reversible problem, it may be curable.
However, in other cases where the underlying cause is a chronic or progressive condition, such as advanced heart disease or certain types of cancer, ascites may be managed but not cured.

Is Ascites in Dogs Painful?

Ascites itself may not cause direct pain, but it can be uncomfortable for the dog due to the distension of the abdomen and the pressure it puts on surrounding organs.
The underlying condition causing ascites, such as liver disease, cancer, or heart disease, may cause pain or discomfort, and this can contribute to the dog's overall well-being.
It's important to address any pain or discomfort associated with the underlying condition as part of the treatment plan.

Is Ascites in Dogs Fatal?

The outcome of ascites in dogs depends on the underlying cause and the effectiveness of treatment.
Some underlying conditions that lead to ascites can be life-threatening if left untreated, while others may be manageable with appropriate medical care.
The prognosis for ascites is often tied to the prognosis of the underlying disease. For example, if the underlying disease is advanced and not responsive to treatment, ascites may contribute to the overall severity of the condition.
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment by a veterinarian can improve the chances of a favorable outcome and potentially extend a dog's lifespan.

What Are 4 Signs of Ascites?

Ascites is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Common signs and symptoms of ascites in humans and animals, including dogs, include:

• Abdominal Distension
• Weight Gain
• Difficulty Breathing
• Lethargy and Weakness

Conclusion

Fluid in the abdomen in dogs is a serious medical condition that should not be ignored. Identifying the underlying cause and seeking prompt veterinary care is essential for the well-being of your canine companion. Regular check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can help prevent some of the conditions that lead to ascites, making it easier to catch and treat any issues early. Always consult with your veterinarian for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan tailored to your dog's specific needs. Your pet's health and happiness depend on it.