Kidney Disease in Dogs

Kidney disease in dogs is a significant health concern that can affect canines of all ages, though it is more commonly seen in older dogs. It involves the gradual loss of kidney function over time. The kidneys are vital organs that filter waste products from the blood and excrete them in the form of urine. They also help regulate blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and red blood cell production.

What Do My Dog's Kidneys Do?

The primary function of the kidneys is to filter waste products from the blood. These waste products are created by normal metabolic processes in the body. After filtering, these waste products are excreted in the urine.
The kidneys produce various hormones. Erythropoietin, for example, stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells, which is crucial for preventing anemia. They also play a role in the metabolism of vitamin D, which is important for bone health.

Types of Kidney Disease in Dogs

• Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): This is the most common form of kidney disease in dogs. It's a progressive condition that develops over months or years. It's often seen in aging dogs.

• Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): This occurs suddenly, often due to toxins, infections, or reduced blood flow to the kidneys. It can be reversible with prompt treatment.

• Congenital and Hereditary Kidney Diseases: Some dogs are born with kidney problems or develop them early in life due to genetic factors.

What Causes Kidney Disease in Dogs?

• Aging: The most common cause of CKD is aging, as the kidney function naturally declines.

• Toxins: Ingestion of substances like antifreeze, certain medications, or toxic plants.

• Infections: Bacterial infections can lead to kidney damage.

• Underlying Health Conditions: Conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure can affect kidney health.

• Genetic Predisposition: Certain breeds are more prone to kidney diseases.

What Are the Stages of Kidney Disease in Dogs?

Early Stages of Kidney Disease in Dogs

• Creatinine Levels: Normal or slightly elevated.

• Symptoms: Often no visible symptoms at this stage. Some dogs may show very subtle changes.

Stage 2 Kidney Disease in Dogs

• Creatinine Levels: Mildly elevated.

• Symptoms: May include increased thirst and urination. Some dogs may still show no obvious symptoms.

Stage 3 Kidney Disease in Dogs

• Creatinine Levels: Moderately elevated.

• Symptoms: More noticeable symptoms such as increased thirst and urination, decreased appetite, weight loss, and possibly vomiting or lethargy.

End Stage of Kidney Disease in Dogs

• Creatinine Levels: Extremely high.

• Symptoms: Severe lethargy, refusal to eat, vomiting, and other symptoms that significantly affect the dog's quality of life.

Stage 2 Kidney Disease in Dogs Life Expectancy

Prognosis is associated with severity of disease. Studies have shown shorter median survival times in dogs with higher IRIS stages. Median survival time for IRIS Stage 2 ranged from 200 to 400 days.

Dog Smacking Lips Kidney Disease

Yes, you might see lip-smacking in dogs with kidney disease, as it can cause nausea, dehydration, and oral ulcers that cause excess or thickened saliva. Liver disease. Similarly, liver disease can cause nausea and dehydration, leading to excess or thickened saliva and lip-smacking.

Is Kidney Disease Painful for Dogs?

Yes, kidney disease can be uncomfortable and potentially painful for dogs, especially in its more advanced stages. In kidney failure, the kidneys are unable to effectively filter waste products and toxins from the blood. This build-up of toxins can lead to a condition called uremia, which can cause a variety of uncomfortable symptoms, including nausea, ulcers in the mouth, and a general feeling of malaise.

Diagnosing Kidney Disease in Dogs

The kidneys are remarkably efficient organs. A dog can lose up to 75% of kidney function before showing any changes in renal blood values such as elevated BUN and creatinine levels. So the diagnosis includes:

• Blood Tests: To check for elevated levels of waste products like creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).

• Urinalysis: Helps in evaluating kidney function and detecting urinary tract infections.

• Imaging: X-rays or ultrasound to assess kidney size and structure.

• Biopsy: In some cases, to determine the type of kidney disease.

Treatment Of Kidney Disease in Dogs

While kidney disease is often irreversible, early and appropriate treatment can help manage the condition and improve the quality of life for affected dogs.

• Dietary Management: A diet low in protein, phosphorus, and sodium is often recommended. Special prescription diets are available that are formulated specifically for dogs with kidney disease.

• Fluid Therapy: For dehydration and to flush out toxins, fluid therapy may be administered, especially in cases of acute kidney disease.

• Medications: Depending on the underlying cause and symptoms, various medications may be prescribed, such as antibiotics for infections, medications to control blood pressure, or drugs to reduce protein loss in urine.

• Supplements: Veterinarians may recommend supplements like omega-3 fatty acids to help reduce inflammation and protect kidney function.

What Vegetables Are Good for Dogs with Kidney Disease?

Dogs with kidney disease often benefit from a diet that's lower in phosphorus, protein, and sodium, but high in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. Vegetables can be a great addition to their diet, as many are naturally low in phosphorus and protein. Here are some vegetables that are generally considered good for dogs with kidney disease:

• Cabbage: Cabbage is low in phosphorus and can be a good source of vitamins and antioxidants.

• Cauliflower: It's low in protein and phosphorus and can be served steamed or boiled.

• Green Beans: Green beans are low in phosphorus and can be a healthy snack, either raw or cooked without salt.

• Bell Peppers: Especially red bell peppers, they're low in potassium and high in antioxidants.

• Carrots: Carrots are low in phosphorus and can be given raw or cooked. They are also a good source of fiber and vitamins.

• Pumpkin: Low in phosphorus and high in fiber, pumpkin can help with digestion.

• Cucumbers: These are low in phosphorus and can be refreshing, especially in warmer weather.

• Zucchini: It's low in phosphorus and can be served steamed or boiled.

• Lettuce: A good source of hydration and low in phosphorus, lettuce can be a light snack.

• Asparagus: Moderate in phosphorus but high in nutrients, it should be given in small amounts.

• Blueberries and Apples (in moderation): While not vegetables, these fruits are low in phosphorus and high in antioxidants, beneficial for kidney health.

What is the Best Non-Prescription Dog Food for Kidney Disease?

When managing kidney disease in dogs, the focus is typically on a diet that is lower in phosphorus, moderate to low in protein (but high-quality protein), low in sodium, and enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. The goal is to reduce the workload on the kidneys and slow the progression of the disease. 

Recommended Foods for Dogs with Kidney Disease

Therapeutic Kidney Diets: Commercially available prescription dog foods specifically formulated for kidney health are often recommended. These diets are balanced to meet all of a dog's nutritional needs while managing the progression of kidney disease.

High-Quality Protein Sources: Protein is still important, but it should be high quality and easy to digest. Examples include:

• Egg whites

• Lean meats (like chicken or turkey breast, cooked without skin)

• Cottage cheese (low-sodium)

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Beneficial for reducing inflammation. Good sources include:

• Fish oil supplements

• Flaxseed oil

Low Phosphorus Vegetables: As listed in the previous message, vegetables like green beans, carrots, and cauliflower can be beneficial.

Complex Carbohydrates: To provide energy and help manage waste production. Examples include:

• Cooked white rice

• Pasta

• Oatmeal

• Certain Fruits (in moderation): Like apples and blueberries for antioxidants.

Foods to Avoid:

• High Phosphorus Foods: Such as dairy products, organ meats, and certain fish (like sardines and salmon).

• High Sodium Foods: Like processed human foods and some dog treats.

• High Protein Foods: Especially those with low-quality protein sources.

• Certain Vegetables and Fruits: Avoid grapes, raisins, onions, garlic, and avocados, which are toxic to dogs.

What Happens if Kidney Disease Goes Untreated?

If kidney disease in dogs goes untreated, it will typically progress over time, leading to a range of increasingly severe health issues and a significant decline in the quality of life. The kidneys have multiple vital functions, including filtering waste from the blood, balancing electrolytes, regulating hydration, and maintaining normal blood pressure. When these functions are compromised, several problems can arise:

• Uremia: Symptoms of uremia can include vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and a decrease in appetite.

• Dehydration and Electrolyte Imbalance: Kidney disease can disrupt the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. 

• High Blood Pressure

• Anemia

• Progression to Kidney Failure: In end-stage kidney failure, options become limited, and the focus often shifts to palliative care.

• Shortened Lifespan: Ultimately, untreated kidney disease can lead to a significant reduction in lifespan.

Conclusion

Kidney disease in dogs is a complex condition that requires careful management. Early detection and appropriate treatment can significantly improve a dog's quality of life. Owners should be vigilant for symptoms and maintain regular veterinary care to ensure the best possible outcome for their canine companions. As research continues, new treatments and management strategies offer hope for dogs affected by this challenging condition.