IBD in Cats: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Cats are known for their mysterious demeanor, often showing a blend of self-reliance and warmth that charms numerous people. However, beneath their enigmatic outward appearance, exists a fragile equilibrium that can be disturbed by various health issues. Among these, there's a specific condition - Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) - that frequently stays concealed until its signs manifest. Although typically associated with humans, IBD can likewise impact our feline friends, presenting distinctive difficulties when it comes to identifying and treating the condition.

What is IBD in Cats?

Inflammatory Bowel Disease is a term used to describe a group of chronic gastrointestinal disorders characterized by inflammation of the digestive tract. This inflammation can occur in any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus, but it most commonly affects the stomach and intestines.

The exact cause of IBD in cats remains elusive, but it is believed to result from an abnormal immune response to various stimuli. Genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and dietary sensitivities have all been implicated in its development. The immune system's overreaction triggers inflammation, which can lead to a variety of clinical signs.

IBD in Cats Symptoms

The symptoms of IBD in cats can vary in severity and may come and go. Common signs include:

• Vomiting: Cats with IBD often experience chronic vomiting, which may include both food and bile.
• Diarrhea: Chronic or intermittent diarrhea is a common symptom. It may be accompanied by changes in stool consistency and color.
• Weight Loss: Cats with IBD may lose weight despite having a good appetite. This is because the inflammation can affect nutrient absorption.
• Poor Appetite: Some cats with IBD may have a decreased appetite or avoid eating due to gastrointestinal discomfort.
• Lethargy: Cats might appear tired or less active due to the overall impact of the condition on their well-being.
• Abdominal Discomfort: Cats with IBD might show signs of abdominal pain or discomfort, such as restlessness or discomfort when touched around the belly.
• Changes in Behavior: Cats might exhibit changes in behavior, including increased irritability or changes in litter box habits.

End Stage IBD in Cats

End-stage IBD refers to the advanced and severe form of the disease that may occur when the inflammation and damage to the gastrointestinal tract have progressed significantly. In end-stage IBD, the symptoms can become more severe and challenging to manage. Some characteristics of end-stage IBD may include:

• Severe Weight Loss: Cats with end-stage IBD might experience significant and noticeable weight loss, often due to poor nutrient absorption.
• Persistent Vomiting and Diarrhea: Vomiting and diarrhea might become more frequent and severe, leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
• Dehydration: Chronic vomiting and diarrhea can lead to dehydration, which can further worsen the cat's condition.
• Nutritional Deficiencies: The compromised digestive system might result in various nutrient deficiencies, contributing to weakness and deterioration.
• Reduced Quality of Life: Cats with end-stage IBD often have a reduced quality of life due to their discomfort and the impact of the disease on their overall health.
• Medication Resistance: Cats in the end stages of IBD might not respond as well to medications and dietary changes as those in earlier stages.

Is IBD in Cats Painful?

Yes, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) can be painful for cats. IBD involves chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which can lead to discomfort, abdominal pain, and other related symptoms. The inflammation irritates the lining of the digestive tract and can cause abdominal cramping and discomfort.

Proper diagnosis is crucial before treatment, so make an appointment with your veterinarian for diagnostic treatment. The veterinarian will perform various tests, including blood work, fecal analysis, and possibly imaging (such as ultrasound), to rule out other possible causes of gastrointestinal issues.

How to Treat IBD in Cats?

1. Dietary Management

Billions of bacteria inhabit your dog's intestinal tract, constituting what is known as the microbiome. When properly nurtured and maintained through the use of prebiotic fiber supplements or postbiotic end products, these bacteria can contribute to symptom improvement. Providing your pup with good nutrition is vital for their long-term prognosis.

Prescription diets can also offer substantial assistance. It's important to recognize that individual dogs have unique needs, and these diets are available in various forms based on your pet's specific issues and the underlying causes of their Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Several formulations are designed to aid dogs with IBD, including:

1. High-fiber foods
2. Easily digestible food options
3. Hydrolyzed protein formulas (proteins broken down into smaller components to reduce the likelihood of adverse food reactions in some dogs)
4. Novel protein sources (avoiding common beef and chicken ingredients)

2. Deworming

Broad-spectrum deworming is recommended as fecal tests are not always representative of the parasites in the GI tract. After deworming, it's important to focus on prevention to reduce the risk of re-infestation. Regular flea control, maintaining a clean environment, and proper hygiene practices can help prevent parasites.

3. Medications

Depending on the severity of the IBD, your veterinarian might prescribe medications to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms. Common medications include:

• Corticosteroids: These can help reduce inflammation in the digestive tract.
• Immunosuppressants: Drugs like azathioprine or cyclosporine can suppress the immune response that contributes to inflammation.
• Antibiotics: In some cases, antibiotics might be prescribed to help manage bacterial overgrowth that can occur in the inflamed intestine.
• Probiotics: Some veterinarians might recommend giving your cat probiotics to help maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria.
• Antidiarrheal and antiemetic: Medications might be prescribed to manage specific symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, or nausea.

4. Vitamin B

A veterinarian may also measure the levels of the B vitamins B12 and folate in the bloodstream, as IBD can hinder the absorption of these vitamins from the GI tract. A hypoallergenic food trial may also be conducted to rule out food allergy. Vitamin B12 is a vital nutrient for dogs. In cases where your furry friend's digestive system isn't effectively absorbing nutrients, there's a risk of your dog developing insufficient levels of vitamin B12. Administering B12 injections can contribute to maintaining your beloved canine companion's vitality and overall well-being. 

What Foods Should Cats with IBD Avoid?

Grains and Fillers: Many commercial cat foods contain grains and fillers that can be challenging for cats with sensitive digestive systems to process. Ingredients like wheat, corn, and soy might be best avoided.

Dairy Products: Cats are often lactose intolerant, and dairy products can lead to digestive upset, including diarrhea, in many cats, particularly those with IBD.

High-Fat Foods: While some fat is necessary in a cat's diet, excessive amounts of fat, especially if it's of poor quality, can contribute to digestive problems in cats with IBD.

Does IBD Lead to Cancer in Cats?

It's important to note that while there is an association between IBD and an increased risk of GI lymphoma, the majority of cats with IBD do not develop cancer. The exact relationship between IBD and GI lymphoma is not fully understood, but it's believed that chronic inflammation in the digestive tract might contribute to the development of lymphoma over time.

How Is IBD in Cats Different From IBS?

Can IBD in Cats Be Cured?

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in cats is generally considered a chronic condition, which means it may not have a permanent "cure" in the traditional sense. However, it can often be managed effectively with the right treatment, leading to a significant improvement in a cat's quality of life. The goal of treatment is usually to control the inflammation, reduce symptoms, and maintain your cat's overall health.

Related: IBD in Dogs: Causes, Signs and Treatment