Lymphangiectasia in Dogs

What is Lymphangiectasia in Dogs?

Lymphangiectasia is a disorder that affects the lymphatic system, a crucial part of the immune system responsible for draining and transporting lymph fluid throughout the body. The lymphatic system plays a vital role in maintaining fluid balance, absorbing dietary fats, and filtering out harmful substances.

Intestinal lymphangiectasia is one of the more common and clinically significant forms of lymphangiectasia seen in dogs.

In dogs with lymphangiectasia, the lymphatic vessels become dilated or enlarged, leading to a leakage of lymph fluid into the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, important nutrients and proteins are lost through the intestines, which can lead to malnutrition and other complications.

What Causes Intestinal Lymphangiectasia in Dogs?

Lymphangiectasia can either be primary or secondary in nature. 

Primary Lymphangiectasia

Primary lymphangiectasia is considered to be congenital, meaning it is present from birth, and is often found in certain dog breeds, including

• Yorkshire Terriers
• Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers
• Norwegian Lundehunds
• Golden Retrievers
• Boxers

Secondary Lymphangiectasia

On the other hand, secondary lymphangiectasia is acquired later in life and can be caused by various underlying conditions, such as:

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract can damage the lymphatic vessels, leading to lymphangiectasia.
• Cancer: Certain types of cancer, especially those affecting the abdomen or lymph nodes, can obstruct the lymphatic system, causing fluid buildup.
• Heart Disease: Heart conditions can lead to increased pressure in the blood vessels, forcing lymph fluid into the intestinal tract.
• Lymphoma: A specific type of cancer affecting the lymphocytes that can lead to lymphatic vessel enlargement.
• Intestinal Diseases: Diseases associated with intestinal bleeding (parvovirus, intestinal parasites, cancers such as lymphoma)
• Infections: Histoplasmosis (a fungal infection). Severe or chronic infections can damage the lymphatic vessels.
• Congestive Heart Failure: This condition can cause pressure changes that affect the flow of lymphatic fluid.

Symptoms of Lymphangiectasia in Dogs 

Primary lymphangiectasia is believed to be congenital, meaning it is present at birth. However, its symptoms typically manifest later in life.

Although the intestinal lymphatic system is the most commonly affected, other indications of primary lymphangiectasia include the buildup of a milky-looking chylous effusion around the lungs (chylothorax), swelling under the skin due to decreased protein in the blood (subcutaneous edema), and fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity (ascites).

In addition to weight loss, severe cases of lymphangiectasia in dogs present other common symptoms:

• Edema: Swelling, especially in the limbs and abdomen, may occur due to fluid retention. Although the belly looks swollen, the rib cage and spine may be easily felt and seen. 
• Loss of Appetite: Dogs with lymphangiectasia might show a decreased interest in food.
• Breathing difficulties: Dogs with this condition are also prone to developing blood clots, either in the lungs or the major blood vessels of the abdomen. Consequently, breathing difficulties may arise from either blood clots or abdominal effusion.
• Lethargy: Lack of energy and enthusiasm is common in dogs suffering from this condition.
• Abdominal Pain: Dogs may exhibit discomfort in the abdominal region.

Is Lymphangiectasia Fatal in Dogs?

Lymphangiectasia in dogs can be a serious and potentially life-threatening condition,  when lymphangiectasia remains undiagnosed or untreated, it can lead to severe malnutrition, weight loss, and debilitation. If left unmanaged, the condition can become fatal. 

How to Diagnose Canine Lymphangiectasia？

Diagnosing lymphangiectasia can be challenging, as the symptoms often overlap with other gastrointestinal conditions. Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination and may recommend the following diagnostic tests:

• Blood Tests: These can reveal abnormalities related to protein levels and assess overall health.
• Fecal Examination: To rule out parasitic infections and other digestive issues.
• Ultrasound or X-rays: To visualize the lymph nodes and the condition of the intestines.
• Endoscopy or Biopsy: Tissue samples may be taken to confirm the presence of lymphangiectasia.

Lymphangiectasia is definitively diagnosed through a biopsy of the gastrointestinal tract, which can be obtained either through an endoscopic procedure or surgery. Until this intestinal tissue sample is examined by a pathologist to confirm lymphangiectasia and rule out other similar intestinal diseases, the condition remains a suspected diagnosis. The biopsied tissue is carefully analyzed under a microscope by a specialist in a laboratory to make an accurate diagnosis. Due to this process, it is typical for the lab's results to become available only after a period of 3-5 days following the biopsy procedure.

Treatment for Lymphangiectasia in Dogs 

The treatment plan will depend on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Primary lymphangiectasia may require lifelong management and dietary adjustments.

One of the primary aspects of managing lymphangiectasia is dietary changes. Low-fat, easily digestible diets are often recommended to reduce the amount of fat that passes through the damaged lymphatic vessels. Dogs with lymphangiectasia can experience protein loss, which may lead to deficiencies. Your vet might recommend supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids or specific vitamins and minerals to support your dog's health.

In cases of secondary lymphangiectasia, treating the underlying cause can help manage the disorder. 

A low-fat and highly digestible diet that is calorie dense is an important part of therapy, along with supportive and specific care. If an underlying disease can be identified, it must be treated.

In many cases of lymphadenopathy, it is associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In such cases, azathioprine or cyclosporine have been the traditional immunosuppressive drugs, and in some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to address bacterial imbalances in the gut that may lead to inflammation.

Related: Gastroenteritis in Dogs

For intestinal parasites, types include roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, tapeworms, and giardia. Prescribe the appropriate medication to target and destroy the parasites, deworming with a broad-spectrum dewormer, albendazole.

Related: Do Dogs Get Tapeworms

What Not to Do During Treatment Of Lymphangiectasia in Dogs？

Don't Self-Diagnose or Self-Treat

Avoid trying to diagnose or treat lymphangiectasia or any other health condition in your dog without professional guidance. Let your veterinarian handle the diagnosis and develop a suitable treatment plan.

Avoid High-Fat Foods

Do not feed your dog high-fat foods, as this can worsen the condition and lead to further complications.

Don't Delay Veterinary Care

If your dog's condition worsens or if new symptoms develop, do not postpone seeking veterinary care. 

• If you cannot keep a scheduled appointment.
• If you are unable to give medication as directed.
• If your dog’s symptoms are not improving after treatment begins.
• If your dog’s appetite is decreasing.
• If your dog has any noticeable trouble breathing.

Don't Ignore Weight Loss or Swelling

Unexplained weight loss or swelling in your dog should not be ignored. These are important symptoms that need to be addressed promptly by a veterinarian.

Remember, lymphangiectasia can be a chronic condition requiring ongoing management. With proper care and support, many dogs with lymphangiectasia can lead fulfilling lives. 

Conclusions

Always follow your veterinarian's advice and do not attempt to diagnose or treat your dog's condition without professional guidance. Your vet will consider your dog's specific health status and medical history to develop the most suitable treatment plan for their individual needs.