Corneal Dystrophy in Dogs

Dogs are cherished members of our families, and just like humans, they can experience various health conditions. One such condition that affects their eyes is corneal dystrophy. Corneal dystrophy in dogs is a group of inherited, progressive, and often bilateral eye disorders that impact the clarity of the cornea. Understanding this condition, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management is crucial for ensuring the well-being of our furry companions.

What is Corneal Dystrophy in Dogs?

Corneal endothelial dystrophy in dogs is an age-related condition that primarily affects the inner layer of the cornea known as the endothelium. This condition leads to the leakage of fluid into the cornea, resulting in edema and causing the affected area to take on a bluish appearance. Over time, this dystrophy can progress to involve the entire cornea. In some cases, bullous keratopathy, characterized by the formation of blisters in the cornea, may also develop, leading to nonhealing and recurrent corneal ulceration.

Certain dog breeds are more commonly affected by corneal endothelial dystrophy, including the Boston Terrier, Chihuahua, and Dachshund. The age of onset for this condition can vary, with Boston Terriers typically experiencing it between the ages of five to nine years, while Chihuahuas and Dachshunds tend to develop it between eight to thirteen years of age. This canine disease shares similarities with Fuchs' dystrophy in humans, although it occurs in different species.

What Are the Commonly Affected Breeds?

Many breeds are affected by corneal dystrophy with many different appearances. These breeds most commonly have these criteria.

• Afghan Hound
• Airedale Terrier
• Alaskan Malamute
• Beagle
• Bearded Collie
• Bichon Frise
• Boxer
• American Cocker Spaniel
• Rough Collie
• English Toy Spaniel
• German Shepherd Dog
• Golden Retriever
• Italian Greyhound
• Lhasa Apso
• Mastiff
• Miniature Pinscher
• Pembroke Welsh Corgi
• Pointer
• Poodle
• Samoyed
• Shetland Sheepdog
• Siberian Husky
• Weimaraner
• Whippet

At What Age Do Dogs Get Corneal Dystrophy?

Corneal dystrophy in dogs can develop at various ages, depending on the type of corneal dystrophy and the breed of the dog. There are several types of corneal dystrophy, and they can affect dogs at different stages of their lives. Here are some common types and their typical ages of onset:

• Epithelial/stromal corneal dystrophy: This type often affects dogs in their early to middle years of life, typically between 2 and 7 years old. It can be breed-specific in some cases.
• Endothelial corneal dystrophy: This type can affect dogs later in life, usually between the ages of 4 and 8 years old.
• Schnauzer corneal dystrophy: This specific type of corneal dystrophy is often seen in Miniature Schnauzers and can manifest between 2 and 7 years of age.
• Labrador Retriever corneal dystrophy: This breed-specific corneal dystrophy typically affects Labrador Retrievers between the ages of 6 months and 3 years.

Types of Corneal Dystrophy in Dogs

Corneal dystrophy in dogs refers to a group of genetic eye disorders that affect the cornea, the clear outermost layer of the eye. These dystrophies can cause various degrees of vision impairment and discomfort for affected dogs. There are several types of corneal dystrophy in dogs, each characterized by distinct features and underlying genetic mutations. Some common types include:

Epithelial/stromal corneal dystrophy

This type affects the outermost layer (epithelium) and the underlying layer (stroma) of the cornea. It can cause cloudiness and opacities in the cornea and may lead to discomfort and vision impairment.

Endothelial corneal dystrophy

This type affects the innermost layer (endothelium) of the cornea, which is responsible for maintaining the cornea's clarity by regulating fluid balance. Endothelial dystrophy can lead to corneal edema, thickening, and vision problems.

Map dot fingerprint corneal dystrophy

This type is characterized by the presence of small, irregularly shaped opacities in the cornea that resemble maps, dots, or fingerprints. It can cause variable degrees of vision impairment.

Schnyder corneal dystrophy

This rare form of corneal dystrophy typically presents as a cloudy or hazy cornea. It is often associated with high cholesterol levels in the blood and may lead to lipid deposits in the cornea.

Lattice corneal dystrophy

Lattice dystrophy is characterized by the formation of a lattice-like pattern in the cornea due to the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits. It can cause recurrent corneal erosions and vision problems.

Gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy (GDLD)

GDLD is a rare and severe form of corneal dystrophy that leads to the formation of gelatinous, drop-like lesions on the cornea. It can cause severe discomfort and vision loss.

Symptoms of Corneal Dystrophy in Dogs

The signs of corneal dystrophy in dogs may include:

• Cloudiness or opacities in one or both eyes.
• Increased tearing or discharge.
• Squinting or blinking excessively.
• Redness or irritation of the eye.
• Vision impairment, which may vary in severity.

What Causes Corneal Dystrophy in Dogs?

Corneal dystrophy is primarily an inherited condition, meaning it is passed down from one generation to the next. Specific genetic mutations are responsible for the development of these disorders. While the exact genetic basis may vary depending on the type of corneal dystrophy, it is essential to know that affected dogs can pass the condition to their offspring.

How Do You Treat Corneal Endothelial Dystrophy in Dogs?

Corneal endothelial dystrophy in dogs is a condition characterized by dysfunction or degeneration of the corneal endothelium, the innermost layer of cells in the cornea. This condition can lead to corneal edema (swelling) and vision impairment. Treatment for corneal endothelial dystrophy in dogs typically involves managing the symptoms and providing supportive care, but there is no cure for this condition.

Here are some common approaches to managing corneal endothelial dystrophy in dogs:

• Topical Medications: Your veterinarian may prescribe eye drops or ointments to help reduce corneal edema and alleviate discomfort. These medications may include hypertonic saline drops or ointments to draw excess fluid out of the cornea.
• Protecting the Eye: It's important to protect the affected eye from further damage or injury. This may involve using an Elizabethan collar (cone) to prevent the dog from rubbing or scratching the eye.
• Management of Secondary Infections: Corneal dystrophy can make the eye more susceptible to infections. If a secondary infection occurs, your veterinarian may prescribe antibiotics or antifungal medications.

The active ingredient in these eye drops is hydrocortisone acetate, which is a corticosteroid. Corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory properties and can help reduce swelling and itching in the affected area. It is designed to help alleviate discomfort caused by various eye conditions, including allergies, itching, redness, and swelling.

• Nutritional Supplements: Some veterinarians recommend nutritional supplements containing antioxidants and essential fatty acids to support corneal health and slow down the progression of the disease. These supplements may include omega-3 fatty acids (Sardine fish oil for dogs) and vitamin E.
• Regular Monitoring: Dogs with corneal endothelial dystrophy should be regularly monitored by a veterinarian or veterinary ophthalmologist to assess the progression of the disease and make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan.
• Surgery: In some cases, if the corneal edema becomes severe and vision is severely impaired, surgical options such as corneal transplantation or endothelial cell transplant may be considered. These procedures are typically reserved for advanced cases and require specialized expertise.
• Pain Management: Dogs with corneal dystrophy may experience eye discomfort and pain. Your veterinarian can prescribe pain medications to help manage these symptoms.

FAQs

Is corneal dystrophy an autoimmune disease?

Corneal dystrophy is not typically classified as an autoimmune disease. It is a group of genetic eye disorders that affect the cornea, the clear, dome-shaped outermost layer of the eye. Corneal dystrophies are usually caused by genetic mutations that lead to the abnormal accumulation of substances within the cornea, causing it to become cloudy or distorted. These conditions are inherited and are not typically associated with an autoimmune response where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.

Can corneal dystrophy be cured?

While there is no cure for corneal dystrophy, there are various treatment options available to manage its symptoms and improve vision. These treatments may include the use of lubricating eye drops, contact lenses, or surgical interventions such as corneal transplantation (keratoplasty) in more advanced cases.

Can corneal dystrophy cause blindness?

In some cases, corneal dystrophy can cause vision problems and, in severe cases, may lead to blindness. The extent to which it affects vision and the risk of blindness depend on the type and progression of the specific dystrophy. Regular eye exams and early intervention by an ophthalmologist are important for monitoring and managing corneal dystrophy to minimize its impact on vision and prevent severe complications.

Conclusion

Corneal dystrophy in dogs is a genetic eye disorder that affects the clarity of the cornea. While there is no cure, early diagnosis and effective management can help dogs lead happy and comfortable lives. Responsible breeding practices and genetic counseling are essential for reducing the prevalence of this condition in susceptible breeds. If you suspect your dog may have corneal dystrophy, seek prompt veterinary care to ensure their vision and overall well-being are preserved.